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(一)
Last year, courts sentence 233 people to death but actually executed none, while policemen kill an estimated 590 people. Probably half of them were a threat to no one, including the police officers who killed them.
The police power to kill is unique in that it is not limited to self-defense or defense of others. On most states, the law still allows police officers to shoot to kill any fleeing felony suspect. This is a carry-over from centuries-old English Common Law, which classified only eight serious crimes as felonies, all of which were punishable by death. Though English courts denied police the right to kill suspects fleeing from nonviolent felonies over 100 years ago, most American courts continue to support firmly that police right. In current American law, in addition to most violent crime, the list of felonies has come to include a broad range of nonviolent crime, such as car theft and other larcenies, none of which is punishable by death after conviction in court but is legally punishable by death before arrest on the street if the suspect tries to flee from the police. Limited statistical evidence suggests that perhaps as many as half of the people killed by policemen are fleeing felony-and even misdemeanor-suspects.
When a police officer is killed, the law-enforcement and criminal-justice systems always react swiftly and deliberately in investigating the killing. But when the police kill-in a typical year, for each police officer killed in the line of duty, six citizens were killed by policemen-the system reacts quite differently. Killing by the police is investigated by the police. These internal investigations normally proceed unnoticed by the general public and the conclusions reached seldom become public information. Because internal investigation is often intended to defend police action more than investigate it, less than one percent of all killings by policemen are ruled unjustifiable by police departments, even though independent studies have found that 25 to 50 percent of the victims have been unarmed.
1.The writer of the editorial states that internal investigations of police killings ____.
A) are swift and accurate in administering justice
B) often result in the suspension from the police force of an officer found to be careless with a gun
C) seldom result in the conviction of a police officer for the killing of a citizen
D) are a form of protection for the average citizen against unreasonable police action
2.The editorial states that ____.
A) in English, police may kill a suspect who is fleeing from a nonviolent felony
B) in the United States, police may kill a suspect who is fleeing from a nonviolent felony
C) in most states, policemen may shoot to kill only in self-defense or defense of others
D) English Common Law is inadequate because of today''s high crime rate
3.Why the police power to kill is exclusive?
A) The law support the police to kill.
B) The police is more powerful than any other forces.
C) Such killing is not limited to self-defense of defense of others.
D) The police is a part of the government.
4.The word "felony" in the last sentence of paragraph 2 means ____.
A) serious crime B) killing
C) robbing D) raping
5.If the author adopted a tone in writing the passage, it can be described
as ____.
A) furious B) melancholic
C) objective D) delighted
语言注释
1.flee vi.逃跑，逃离，如,He killed his enemy and fled the country.
2.misdemeanor n.法律用词，较轻的犯法行为，小罪
3.unjustifiable adj.无法证明为正当的； 没理由的。
它是justifiable 的反义词。
4.swiftly adv.很快地,即刻
5.In current American law, in addition to most violent crime, the list of felonies has come to include a broad range of nonviolent crime, such as car theft and other larcenies, none of which is punishable by death after conviction in court but is legally punishable by death before arrest on the street if the suspect tries to flee from the police.
参考译文：当前的美国宪法规定，除最严重的暴力犯罪外，重罪还包括了许多非暴力犯罪，如偷车和盗窃，而这些罪名无一应当在法庭依法被判死罪，但如果嫌疑犯拒捕逃跑，警察就可依法在逮捕前将其杀死。
答案解析
1.C 文章第三段指出，Because internal investigation is often intended to defend police action more than investigate it, less than one percent of all killings by policemen are ruled unjustifiable by police department，内部调查公布的结果是被警察枪杀的人中只有百分之一的人是无辜的。也就是说百分之九十九的枪杀了嫌疑犯的警察都被定无罪。百分之一对百分之九十九，解释了seldom.
2.B 在第二段中作者指出,most American courts continue to support firmly that police right大多数的美国法庭都继续支持警察杀死企图逃跑的非暴力重罪嫌疑犯。 A和C与作者所持的观点相反。D错在作者在文中并未对英国习惯法的优劣给予评判。
3.C 第二段第一句指出,The police power to kill is unique in that it is not limited to self-defense or defense of others 警察杀人权力的独特性在于这不仅仅限于自我保护和保护他人,题支中的exclusive就是unique 的意思。
4.A 此词的意思是重罪或重罪犯的意思。
5.C 文章始终保持了冷静客观的语气，甚至未对警察杀人一事直接表态，而是用事实说话。
(二)
This is the flame like quality our life has-it is but the concurrence, renewed from moment to moment, of forces parting sooner or later on their ways. Every moment some form grows perfect in hand or face; some tone on the hills or the sea is choicer than the rest; some mood of passion or insight or intellectual excitement is irresistibly real and attractive to us-for that moment only. Not the fruit of experience, but experience itself, is the end.
A counted number of pulses only is given to us of a variegated, dramatic life. How may we see in them all that is to be seen in them by the finest senses?
How shall we pass most swiftly from point to point and be present always at the focus where the greatest number of vital forces unite in their purest energy? To burn always with this hard, gem-like flame, to maintain this ecstasy, is success in life. Not to discriminate every moment some passionate attitude in those about us, and in the very brilliancy of their gifts some tragic dividing of forces on their ways, is, on this short day of frost and sun, to sleep before evening.
With this sense of the splendor of our experience and of its awful brevity, gathering all we are into one desperate effort to see and touch, we shall hardly have time to make theories about the things we see and touch. We are all "condemned" , as Victor Hugo says: we are all under sentence of death but with a sort of indefinite reprieve: we have an interval, and then our place knows us no more. Some spend this interval in listlessness, some in high passions, the wisest, at least among "the children of this world" , in art and song.
For our one chance lies in expanding that interval, in getting as many pulsations as possible into the given time. Great passions may give us this quickened sense of Life, ecstasy and sorrow of love, the various forms of enthusiastic activity, disinterested or otherwise, which come naturally to many of us. Only be sure it is passion-that it does yield you this fruit of a quickened, multiplied consciousness. Of such wisdom, the poetic passion, the desire of beauty, the love of art for its own sake, has most. For art comes to you proposing frankly to give nothing but the highest quality to your moments as they pass, and simply for those moments'' sake.
1.This author would feel at home with which of the following cultural goals?
A) The spiritual preoccupation of the Middle Ages.
B) The death-oriented world of the Egyptians.
C) The artistic demands of the impressionist painters of 19th Century France.
D) The scientific technological pursuit of the Twentieth Century.
2.The word "ecstasy" in the last paragraph means ____.
A) excitement B) great joy
C) melancholy D) anger
3.In his attitude toward life, the author can best be described as ____.
A) a stoic B) a sensualist
C) an aesthete D) an erotic
4.The author urges the reader to ____.
A) achieve as many experiences of beauty as possible
B) gain as much experience as possible
C) plan for the future
D) create art
5.Which of the following may seems to the author a success in life?
A) To experience as much as possible in life.
B) To calmly pass every moment of your life.
C) To reveal the secret of everything in this world.
D) To set up a set of theories concerning the world.
语言注释
语言注释
1.concurrence n.同时(或同地)发生,同时存在,合作
2.variegated adj.杂色的,斑驳的。
文中指丰富多彩的
3.ecstasy n.狂喜,心醉神迷
4.listlessness n.倦怠,无精打采
5.pulsations n.心脏跳动,悸动
6.Not to discriminate every moment some passionate attitude in those about us, and in the very brilliancy of their gifts some tragic dividing of forces on their ways, is, on this short day of frost and sun,to sleep before evening.
此句的主语是一个祈使句，谓语和表语为is to sleep before evening。
7.With this sense of the splendor of our experience and of its awful brevity, gathering all we are into one desperate effort to see and touch, we shall hardly have time to make theories about the things we see and touch.
这个长句的最后一部分才是主句。可翻译为：意识到经历的美妙和稍纵即逝，我们就会不遗余力的去观赏触摸，这样我们就几乎不会有时间就我们所看到触摸到的东西总结什么理论了。
答案注释
1.C 为艺术而艺术的观点和对感官美的追求可以排除其它选项。
2.B 在文中第四段的第二句话中，讲到great passion 给我们带来ecstasy 和sorrow,从中可判断出这两个词互为反义词，因此是极为高兴的意思。
3.C 根据第三段末句可排除B和D。stoic 指高度自制者，来自stoicism,坚韧的精神或操守。erotic是adj.性爱的,性欲的,色情的 或n.好色之徒的意思。sensualist 是n.好色之徒,感觉论者,感觉主义者的意思。
4.A 语言重现在第三段出现，作者建议去经历美，而非去找理论。
5.A 语言重现在第二段第三句话。作者倡导去经历各种感觉。
（三）
Fire can be thought of as any combustion process intense enough to emit light. It may be a quietly burning flame or the brilliant flash of an explosion.
A typical combustion process is the burning of gasoline in an automobile engine. The vaporized fuel is mixed with air, compressed in the engine''s cylinder, and ignited by a spark. As the fuel flame up, the heat produced flows into the adjacent layer of unburned fuel and ignites it. In this way a zone of fire spreads throughout the fuel mixture is called a combustion wave.
The speed at which such a combustion wave travels through a fuel mixture is called the burning velocity of the mixture. The burning velocity of a gas such as methane quietly burning in air is only about one foot per second. By comparison, the burning velocity of more reactive combinations such as the rocket fuels, hydrogen and fluorine, can be hundreds of feet per second.
If the fuel flows at the same speed as the combustion wave, the result is a stationary flame, like the one in your kitchen gas burner. In the kitchen burner a jet of gas mixed with airflows from the opening in the head of the burner. If the velocity of the fuel mixture flowing from the opening is greater than its burning velocity, the flame blows out.
In jet engines speeding through the air at 500 to 600 miles per hour, the engine''s flame is sometimes blown out by the blast of air entering the combustion chamber at high speeds. Jet pilots call this condition "flameout" .
Combustion can sometimes occur very slowly. A familiar example of slow combustion is the drying of ordinary oil-based paint. In this chemical reaction, called oxidation, the oxygen in the air reacts with the drying oil in the paint to provide a tough film. The linseed oil molecules link together, forming an insoluble coating.
How can the chemical reaction involved in such a quiet process as the drying of paint also produce spectacular flames and explosions? The main difference between the two is the temperature at which they occur.
At lower temperatures the reaction must take place over a long time. The heat which is slowly produced is dissipated to the surroundings and does not speed up the reaction. When the heat produced by the low-temperature reaction is retained instead of being dissipated, the system breaks into flame.
In a flame or explosion, the reactions are extremely fast. In many chemical processes, however, such a rapid oxidation process would be extremely destructive.
1.Which of the following states the major difference between oxidation and fire?
A) Their burning velocities differ in rate.
B) Oxidation is a chemical reaction while fire is a physical reaction.
C) Oxidation does not create heat.
D) They occur at different temperatures.
2.Rocket fuels are more explosive than methane gas because of ____.
A) the temperature at which combustion takes place
B) the degree of oxidation accomplished by the combustion process
C) the location of the combustion
D) the greater burning velocity
3.A steady flame in a gas range is the result of ____.
A) a burning velocity equal to the combustion wave
B) fuel being supplies a the same rate as the combustion wave
C) fuel being supplied at a higher rate than that of the burning velocity
D) a low combustion wave
4.Which of the following could not be defined as combustion?
A) A quietly burning flame.
B) An explosion.
C) A radiator giving off heat.
D) The drying of oil-based paint.
5.An attempt on the part of the author of this passage to give a more informal tone to his writing occurs in ____.
A) paragraph 2 B) paragraph 4
C) paragraph 5 D) paragraph 7
语言注释
1.methane n.甲烷,沼气
2.be blown out 被吹灭,吹熄
3.blast n.强劲的气流，如，A blast of hot air came from the furnace.
4.molecule n.分子
5.insoluble adj.文中是不能溶解的意思。
这个词还有(问题)难以解决的意思。
6.dissipate v. 文中用作被动语态，是"被驱散"的意思。这个词很常用,除"驱散，消失"外还有"浪费(时间、金钱)"的意思。如，He soon dissipated his fortune. 他很快就将财产挥霍一空。注意dissipated 用作形容词是"放荡，浪荡"的意思。
7.destructive adj.毁灭性的；喜好或习惯于破坏的 如a dest ructive storm，它的反义词是constructive.
8.By comparison, the burning velocity of more reactive combinations such as the rocket fuels, hydrogen and fluorine, can be hundreds of feet per second.将此句单独列出是因为这样的比较是阅读常考的地方，本文就是一例。像by comparison, compared with 这样的词组都是比较句最大的标志。
答案解析
1.D 文章倒数第三段明确指出了燃烧与氧化的区别在于发生反应的温度不同。要读懂此段的第一句，找出主干，就可发现比较的内容。
2.D 文章第三段解释了混合液的活性问题。并以甲烷与火箭燃料为例说明活性高的混合液更有爆发力。
3.B 文章第四段第一句提到如果燃料流入的速度与燃烧波相同时会产生稳定的火苗。
4.D 此题根据常识也应猜对。油画的风干是物理过程不可能是燃烧。
5.B 注意在第四段里作者以与读者正面交流的口吻，用了your 使人更觉亲近。
（四）
The table before which we sit may be, as the scientist maintains, composed of dancing atoms, but it does not reveal itself to us as anything of the kind, and it is not with dancing atoms but a solid and motionless object that we live.
So remote is this "real" table-and most of the other "realities" with which science deals-that it cannot be discussed in terms which have any human value, and though it may receive out purely intellectual credence it cannot be woven into the pattern of life as it is led, in contradistinction to life as we attempt to think about it. Vibrations in the either are so totally unlike, let us say, the colour purple that the gulf between them cannot be bridged, and they are, to all intents and purposes, not one but two separate things of which the second and less "real" must be the most significant for us.And just as the sensation which has led us to attribute an objective reality to a nonexistent thing which we call "purple" is more important for human life than the conception of vibrations of a certain frequency, so too the belief in God, however ill founded, has been more important in the life of man than the germ theory of decay, however true the latter may be.
We may,if we like,speak of consequence,as certain mystics love to do,of the different levels or orders of truth.We may adopt what is essentially a Platonist trick of thought and insist upon postulating the existence of external realities which correspond to the needs and modes of human feeling and which,so we may insist,have their being is some part of the universe unreachable by science.But to do so is to make an unwarrantable assumption and to be guilty of the metaphysical fallacy of failing to distinguish between a truth of feeling and that other sort of truth which is described as a "truth of correspondence," and it is better perhaps,at least for those of us who have grown up in an age of scientific thought, to steer clear of such confusions and to rest content with the admission that, though the universe with which science deals is the real universe, yet we do not and cannot have any but fleeting and imperfect contacts with it; that the most important part of our lives-our sensations, emotions, desires, and aspirations-takes place in a universe of illusions which science can attenuate or destroy, but which it is powerless to enrich.
1.The author suggests that in order to bridge the puzzling schism between scientific truth and the world of illusions,the reader should ____.
A) try to rid himself of his world of illusion
B) accept his world as being one of illusion
C) apply the scientific method
D) establish a truth of correspondence
2.Judging from the ideas and tone of the selection, one may reasonably guess that the author is ____.
A) a humanist B) a pantheist
C) a nuclear physicist D) a doctor
3.According to this passage, a scientist would conceive of a "table" as being ____.
A) a solid motionless object
B) certain characteristic vibrations in "ether"
C) a form fixed in space and time
D) a mass of atoms on motion
4.The topic of this selection is ____.
A) the distortion of reality by science
B) the confusion caused by emotions
C) Platonic and contemporary views of truth
D) the place of scientific truth in our lives
5.By "objective reality" the author means ____.
A) scientific reality
B) a phenomenon we can directly experience
C) reality coloured by emotion
D) a symbolic existence
语言注释
1.steer v.驾驶,掌舵
2.attribute vt.将某事归因于。
通常用作attribute…to
3.postulate v.要求,假设,假定
4.unwarrantable adj. warrantable 的反义词，意为不正当的，无根据的
5.metaphysical adj.玄学的,形而上的
6.ether n.天空,大气,苍天;［物］以太，乙醚
7.credence n.相信
8.So remote is this "real" table-and most of the other "realities" with which science deals-that it cannot be discussed in terms which have any human value,and though it may receive out purely intellectual credence it cannot be woven into the pattern of life as it is led,in contradistinction to life as we attempt to think about it.
本文较难，这样的长句也很多，建议阅读时稍放慢速度。
译为：这个"真实"的桌子距离我们太遥远，以至于不能用任何对人类有意义的方式来谈论 它，大多数科学所注重的"事实"也都是这样。而且即使在纯思想上可以接受，它却由于与人们生活中的想法大相径庭而无法融入生活。
9.And just as the sensation which has led us to attribute an object reality to a nonexistent thing which we call "purple" is more important for human life than the conception of vibrations of a certain frequency, so too the belief in God, however ill founded, has been more important in the life of man than the germ theory of decay, however true the latter may be.
此句的基本结构为as…so… 就像前者一样，后者也……，进一步说as the sensation is more important than the concept, so the belief has been more important than the theory.再把从句和插入语归位，应该就可以理解这个句子了。
答案解析
1.B 参考最后一句。此句考察的是长句的附属结构。正确答案出现在第二个分句，it is better that…，此时，that 是主语从句，因为其过长，由it 指代了。最迷惑的选项是D， 注意这个不定式接的谓语是fail to，与题干含义正好相反。
2.A 人文主义者。此题可用排除法。B是泛神论者；C 是原子物理学家。D 是医生。
3.D 本文开头就指出了桌子在科学家眼中是无数跳动着的原子，进而建立了事物的本质与日常生活中人们对事物的感觉的不同。
4.D 主题题型。本文并无明显的主题句，需读通全文后，进行概括。
5.A 参考第一段最后一句话的第一分句。作者提到objective reality 与人们感官看到的不同。对事物(如紫色)科学的解释才是客观现实。还有一点可以帮助你找到答案：作者将objective reality 与宗教联系，很容易让人想到科学。
（五）
Hurricanes form over the tropical oceanic regions where the sun heats huge messes of moist air. An ascending spiral motion results, in the same manner as described in tornado formation. When the moisture of the rising air condenses, the latent heat provides additional energy and more air rises up the column. This latent heat is a chief source of the hurricane''s energy and is readily available from the condensation of the moist air of its source region.
Unlike the tornado, a hurricane gains energy from its source region. As more and more air rises, the hurricane grows, accompanied by clouds and increasing winds that blow in a large spiral around a relatively calm, low-pressure center-the eye of the hurricane. The eye may be 20 to 30 miles wide, and ships sailing
into this area have found that it is usually calm and clear with no indication of the surrounding storm. The air pressure is reduced 6-8% (to about 28 in of Hg) near the eye. Hurricanes move rather slowly at a few miles per hour.
Covering broad areas, hurricanes can be particularly destructive. There are winds of at least 74 mi/h, but these can be much greater, up to 120-130 mi/h, which are very dangerous. Mobile homes are particularly vulnerable to hurricane winds. The greatest threat from a hurricane''s winds comes from their cargo of debris-a deadly barrage of flying missiles such as lawn furniture, signs, roofing, and metal siding.
Hurricane winds do much damage, but drowning is the greatest cause of hurricane deaths. As the eye of the hurricane comes ashore of "make landfall," a great dome of water called a storm surge, often over 50 mi wide, comes sweeping across the coast line. It brings huge waves and storm tides that may reach 25 ft o
r more above normal. The rise may come rapidly, flooding coastal lowlands. Nine out of ten hurricane casualties are caused by the storm surge. The torrential rains that accompany the hurricane produce sudden flooding as the storm moves inland. As its winds diminish, rainfall floods constitute the hurricane''s greatest threat.Once cut off from the warm ocean, the storm begins to die, starved for water and heat energy, and dragged apart by friction as it moves over the land. Even though a hurricane weakens rapidly as it moves inland, the remnants of the storm can bring 6-12 inches of rain or more to the areas they cross. In 1972,hurricane Agnes fused with another storm system, flooding creek and river basins in the Northeast with more than a foot of rain in less than 12 hours, killing 117 people, and causing almost $3 billion damage.
1.In developing this passage, the pattern of organization the author uses can be described as ____.
A) time order B) contrast
C) statement and clarification D) classification
2.If the author were delivering this passage orally, his or her tone of voice would probably be ____.
A) objective B) celebratory
C) righteous D) awestruck
3.The word latent in the first paragraph means ____.
A) potential B) low
C) high D) extreme
4.Which of the following statement is true?
A) In a hurricane the greatest cause of damage is the winds.
B) As the hurricane moves on the land, it gradually subsides with lack of wind.
C) Hurricanes becomes most destructive when they are on the sea.
D) The greatest cause of hurricane death is drowning instead of the winds.
5.Which of the following statements would the author support?
A) Hurricanes are merely big storms like tornadoes.
B) Hurricane winds are not much of a problem unless you live on the coast.
C) Hurricanes are more of a problem for airplanes than for boats.
D) Hurricanes are destructive and dangerous across large areas.
语言注释
1.debris n.残骸,破瓦残砾 如，searching among the debris after explosion
2.diminish 文中用作不及物动词，意思是减弱，缩小。
也可用作及物动词，意指使某物减少缩小。如，The war has diminished the county''s wealth.
3.remnant 文中用作名词，指残余物。也可作形容词，意为残余的，剩的
4.condensation n.浓缩;凝结;冷凝
5.As the eye of the hurricane comes ashore of "make landfall", a great dome of water called a storm surge, often over 50 mi wide, comes sweeping across the coast line.
此句的框架为 as…a dome of water…comes.注意 often over 50 mi wide是插入语，sweeping across the coast line 为伴随状语。
答案解析
1.C 此文使用了极标准的写作模式。文章和段落的topic sentence都非常明显。其后的论述也是紧紧围绕主题。
2.A 作词类有关语气的题目首先必须读出文章的味道来。要注意动词、副词与形容词的使用。其次，必须知道选项词的意思，这就要大家在平时做练习和背单词时用心积累。B）celebratory 是指有褒扬意味；C）righteous 是指正义的；D）awestruck 就是struck by awe 的意思，被吓住而毕恭毕敬。
3.A latent 的英文解释为 present but not yet active,developed or visible.
4.D 这是一道细节题。必须在文中找到与选项有关的论述进行。
对比。D出现在第四段首句。在飓风中造成死亡最重要的原因并不是强风，而是溺死。
5.D 参考第三段首句。飓风在大面积的开阔地带威力最大。
（六）
Together, wind and water create a variable terrain of chop, swells, and waves as we attempt to glide smoothly across the water. Between the driving forces of the wind and the changing surface of the water is your knee joint, which acts as both shock absorber and steering linkage between your body and your board.
The knee joint is composed of three bones held together by a ligament complex to form a hinge-type joint. The femur, the bone of the thigh, moves against the surface of the tibia, the long bone of the calf. The patella, or knee cap, is a round bone that glides over the front of the femur.
The knee joint is stabilized by ligaments, which attach bones together. The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) prevents the tibia from sliding forward of the femur, while the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) prevents the tibia from sliding backward as the knee bends. The medial collateral and lateral collateral ligaments (MCL and LCL) attach to the sides of the femur and tibia and prevent the knee from collapsing sideways.
Around the edge of the tibial plateau is the meniscus, a ring of tissue that helps the femur track smoothly when the knee bends. The muscles moving the knee are the thigh quadriceps, which extend or straighten the knee, and the hamstrings, which flex or bend the knee. A stable knee requires intact ligaments, menisci, and strong muscles.
Injury to the knee occurs when any of its structures is overstressed or damaged. Early signs of injury include selling of the knee, and pain with motion. More severe injuries demonstrate gross instability of the joint and severe pain.
Most often, injury to the meniscus occurs when it is crushed between the femur and tibia during a sudden twist. Excessive inward stress can result in a MCL tear and, with subsequent loss of support, a possible ACL tear. Partially torn ligaments can heal with proper therapy, but complete tears and gross joint instability will most likely require surgical repair.
Luckily, not all knee injuries are as dramatic. Often, over stressing the knee results in a lowgrade ligament sprain that resolves after several days of rest. Occasionally, the patella will be bruised during a fall and be painful for a short time. As a general rule, any swelling or feeling of instability is a sign of serious damage and should receive medical attention.
Avoid a knee injury by being physically prepared. Ligaments cannot be strengthened by exercise, so strong muscles are needed to stabilize the knee. An exercise simulating windsurfing is to place you back against a wall and gently lower yourself into a partially seated position.
Lying on your stomach and bending your knees against resistance will help strengthen the hamstrings. Strong quadriceps help stabilize the knee from sudden bending forces, while strong hamstring will help support the ACL against damage.
Finally before heading out onto the water, be sure to warm up and stretch your thigh and calf muscles.
1.The writer of this passage is writing primarily for the benefit of____.
A) doctors B) windsurfers
C) joggers D) therapists
2.Which of the following statements could you not infer from the passage?
A) Knee problems are usually avoidable.
B) Strong muscles around the knee help avoid knee problems.
C) Few knee injuries actually occur from windsurfing.
D) Windsurfing provides doctors with frequent opportunity to examine the inner working for the knee.
3.What does the first sentence of the last paragraph ("Lying on your stomach…" sentence 1) do in relation to the first sentence of the last but one paragraph ("Avoid a knee …" sentence 2)?
A) It express the similarities between something and an idea stated in sentence 2.
B) It gives a specific example of the idea stated in sentence 2.
C) It defines something referred to in sentence 2.
D) it alters the meaning of sentence 2.
4.The tone the author of the passage adopted may be described as ____.
A) playful B) cynical
C) hard D) serious
5.The main purpose of the passage is to tell ____.
A) the composition of the knee joint
B) the danger involved in windsurfing
C) how to avoid knee injury
D) how to do windsurfing
语言注释
本文的专业词汇较多，但作者大多都已经在文中作了解释。
不要被文章的专业性吓倒。这类 的文章虽生词较多，但句型往往简单易懂。本文就是一例。
1.ligament n.韧带
2.tear 注意这个词除眼泪一义外还有"破处，裂缝"的意思。它可以用作动词，有撕 、扯、破坏的意思。
3.simulate vt.伪装，仿造，模拟
4.gross adj.显著的,易见的 如，gross injustice/a gross error
答案解析
1.B 文章的开始和结尾部分都有提及windsurfer.
2.A 最后一段为防止膝盖损伤提出了简单易行的建议。
3.B lying on your stomach and bending… 是 being physically prepared 的一种作法。
4.D 大多数科技类文章的语气都是严肃的。应注意的是选项B。cynical 是"嘲讽的"的意思。
5.C 文章从膝盖的结构讲起， 但目的却是为如何防治创伤作准备。
（七）
Gore Mountain, in the central Adirondacks, is best known for its ski slopes, but on its north side is an open pit that has made the peak world famous for garnets. This was the Barton mine, which yielded more of the burgundy-colored mineral than any other in the world. Garnets is common throughout the Adirondacks, whose rocks were once baked at high temperatures and subjected to crushing pressures miles below the surface. For some reason the garnet crystals in Gore Mountain grew to the size of cabbages; some reached three feet in diameter. The process may have taken millions of years, as minerals in the surrounding rock dissolve
d and their atoms recrystallized as metamorphic garnet. Water, which facilitates this transformation as it percolates through rock may have played a key role in producing the giant crystals; a fault that borders the Gore deposit may have served as a conditions that initiate crystal growth spawned a limited number of garnets; all the available material then gravitated to these crystals, which grew to enormous size.
In the 1850s, Henry Hudson Barton, a jeweler''s apprentice in Boston, learned that the garnets displayed in his employer''s store came from a large source of the mineral located in the Adirondack Mountain. Years later, in Philadelphia, he married the daughter of the nation''s first sandpaper manufacturer. Knowing the great hardness of garnets, Barton reasoned they might make a better abrasive than the quartz or flint in the sandpaper then available. Exploring in the Adirondacks, he located the garnet source at Gore Mountain and produced the first garnet-coated sandpaper. Tested in several woodworking shops near Philadelphia, it proved to be a superior product, and Barton was soon selling all he could make.
Barton began mining at Gore Mountain in 1878; nine years later he bought the entire mountain from New York State. Miners extracted the large crystals with hammers and chisels, storing the ore on the mountain until winter, when the garnet was sledded down to the railroad and shipped to the Barton plant. In 1983,the Barton Mine Corporation closed its operation at Gore Mountain because of concerns over the stability of a 200-foot-mine wall. The mine was relocated at Ruby Mountain, about four miles north, where it operates today, selling between 10,000 to 12,000 tons of garnet abrasive annually, more than 90% of the world market.
1.Which of the following statements could you infer from the passage?
A) Gore Mountain''s garnets are the best for abrasive use.
B) There is a nearly inexhaustible supply of Gore Mountain garnets.
C) Nearly every day a new use for Gore Mountain''s garnets is discovered.
D) New mining techniques will allow major increases in production of Gore Mountain''s garnets.
2.In this passage all of the following names refer to Gore Mountain''s garnet except for ____.
A) abrasive B) crystals
C) metamorphic garnets D) rocks
3.The author if this passage creates a tone that can be described as ____.
A) uneasy B) nostalgic
C) factual D) humorous
4.The subject of this passage is ____.
A) mining garnets B) garnets
C) Gore Mountain Garnets D) uses of industrial garnets
5.The details in the first paragraph ("Garnet is common…") ____.
A) establish the scientific basis for the reading selection
B) point out that garnets take a long time to form
C) identify where garnets may be found
D) give a possible reason for the unique nature of Gore Mountain garnets
语言注释
1.garnet n.石榴石 是否知道此词的意思在阅读中其实并不重要,只要能猜出这是一种矿藏就好了。
2.diameter n.直径
3.percolate v.渗过，滤过
4.fault n.此词在文中不是过错的意思，而是指断层
5.spawn 此词作名词时是鱼卵、鱼子的意思，但在本文中应取它的动词意义，即大量生产。
6.abrasive 文中意思是磨料(摩擦表面用的材料)。它也可作形容词是(导致)擦伤 的，(引起)磨损的，粗糙的意思。如， an abrasive voice
7.The mine was relocated at Ruby Mountain, about four miles north, where it operates today, selling between 10,000 to 12,000 tons of garnet abrasive annually, more than 90% of the world market. 注意插入语about four miles north 省略了of the old mine. 新矿的位置在老矿以北4英里。
答案解析
1.D 最后一段描述了Barton时代的开掘方法，又指出现代产量之大。选项B具有一定迷惑性。本文的确指出了戈尔山出产石榴石产量惊人，但并没有理由相信此处的矿藏取之不尽，用之不竭。
2.D 注意rock 是岩石，文中已经明确指出岩石要高温融化后原子结晶才能产生晶体。
3.C 文章从头到尾都在客观的介绍事实，未见任何感情色彩。注意nostalgic 是想家的，怀旧的。
4.B 选项A和D 都是文章的分支内容。
5.D 第一段中的具体细节都是围绕戈尔山石榴石结晶体之大展开的。选项A似有一定迷惑性。第一段的确像是对戈尔山石榴石的介绍，但与后文并无基础与发展的关系，即后文的介绍并非建立在第一段之上。
（八）
Most of us have seen a dog staring at, sometimes snarling at, and approaching a reflection of itself. For most animals, seeing their own image in a mirror acts as a social stimulus. But does the dog recognize itself, or does the reflection simply signal a potential companion or threat? This question is interest for a number of reasons. Apart from curiosity about the level of animals'' understanding, research on self-recognition in animals has several benefits. It provides some insight into the evolutionary significance of this skill of self-recognition and into the level and kinds of cognitive competence that the skill requires. Such research also indicates the kinds of learning experiences that determine the development of self-recognition. In addition, work with animals fosters the use of techniques that are not dependent on verbal responses and that may therefore be suitable for use with preverbal children.
The evidence indicates that dogs and almost all other nonhumans do not recognize themselves. In a series of clever experiments, however, Gallup has shown that the chimpanzee does have this capacity. Gallup exposed chimpanzees in a small cage to a full-length mirror for tem consecutive days. It was observed that over this period of time the number of self-directed responses increased. These behaviors included grooming parts of the body while watching the results, guiding fingers in the mirror, and picking at teeth with the aid of the mirror. Describing one chimp, Gallup said, "Marge used the mirror to play with and inspect the
bottom of her feet; she also looked at herself upside down in the mirror while suspended by her feet from the top of the cage; she was also observed to stuff celery leaves up her nose using the mirror for purposes of visually guiding the stems into each nostril."
Then the researchers devised a further test of self-recognition. The chimps were anesthetized and marks were placed over their eyebrows and behind their ears, areas the chimps could not directly observe. The mirror was temporarily removed from the cage, and baseline data regarding their attempts to touch these areas were recorded. The data clearly suggest that chimps do recognize themselves, or are self-aware, for their attempts to touch the marks increased when they viewed themselves. Citing further evidence for this argument, Gallup noted that chimpanzees with no prior mirror experience did not direct behavior to the marks when they were first exposed to the mirror; that is, the other chimpanzees appeared to have remembered what they looked like and do have responded to the marks because they noticed changes in their appearance.
1.The idea this passage discusses is ____.
A) whether dogs recognize themselves in mirrors
B) whether the grooming practices of chimps can be altered
C) whether nonhumans have a self-concept
D) whether chimps change their behavior when a mirror is present
2.The first sentence of paragraph 2 ("The evidence indicates …") may be interpreted to mean that ____.
A) nearly all animals have some self-concept
B) nearly all animals have no self-concept
C) nearly all animals have an awareness of the uses of mirrors
D) nearly all animals have a fear of mirrors
3.The writer of the passage probably ____.
A) prefer dogs to chimps
B) have done more research with chimps that dogs
C) enjoyed the experience involved in working with animals
D) want to see more research on non-human awareness
4.The author''s purpose in the passage is ____.
A) to compare dog behaviors to chimp behaviour
B) to defend an idea
C) to explore recent research on nonhuman self-awareness
D) to evaluate a hypothesis
5.The purpose of the experiment introduced in the last paragraph is ____.
A) to prove that the chimps are not self-recognitive
B) to prove that the chimps have the ability to remember their own appearance
C) to prove that the chimps have realized that the figures they see in t he mirrors are themselves
D) to prove that the chimps are non-human
语言注释
1.snarl vi.狗的嗥叫 也用来指人的咆哮
2.chimpanzee n.非洲人猿；黑猩猩
3.celery n.芹菜
4.anesthetize v.麻醉 Anesthesia 是它的名词,有失去知觉的意思
5.In addition, work with animals fosters the use of techniques that are not dependent on verbal responses and that may therefore be suitable for use with preverbal children.
此句应注意两个并列的定语从句。
参考译文：另外，对动物的研究工作促进了非语言交流的方法的应用。这些方法正适合应用于还不会讲话的孩子。
答案解析
1.C 本文先提出一种观点后再用另一观点反驳。主题句在第二段第二句。其余选项都只概括了文章的一部分。
2.A self-concept 就是the ability to recognize themselves.
3.D 此题可用排除法。原文并没有明确支持或陈述其它三种观点。
4.D 作者通过讲述一系列的实验来证明认为所有动物都没有自我意识的观点是错误的。
5.C 考察最后的因果句。黑猩猩在第一次照镜子时认识到并记住了镜子里它们自己的样子。被作了标记后再照镜子，它们就会发现自己的样子有了变化并对这种变化做出反应。
（九）
We were watching and taping the colorized version of Casablanca on Ted Turner''s network. Color did not affect the dialogue, and one of my pet peeves of usage was still there. It came, as it always does, near Bogart''s moment of decision when Claude Rains says to him, "Apparently you are the only one in Casablanca who has less scruples than I."
"I don''t see anything wrong with it," my wife said when I mentioned the mistake.
"Nobody can have less scruples," I said, "the word less just does not go with things you can count, like scruples."
"How about ''less calories''?"
"Never," I said. "It has to be ''fewer calories, fewer scruples. Fewer goes with things you can count."
"Who counts scruples?"
"Whether you count them or not, they are countable things. But less goes only with stuff you cannot count, like truth."
"I think there are many truths," my wife said. She has a way of cutting to the heart of things, by passing details. I tried to make my point another way.
"Many truths, yes, but not many truth. It is like cash. You do not count cash. You count nickels and dimes and quarters. You never see one cash or two cashes."
"Not up close," she said.
"That''s why you can''t count it. You can have less cash, but not fewer cash."
"Not quite true," she said. "I couldn''t have less." She is always talking about reality when I''m talking about words.
"There''s no such thing as a number of cash," I said. "Like all uncountable things, cash comes in amounts but not in numbers."
Casablanca moved toward its finale. Bogart was saying to Bergman that their troubles didn''t amount to a hill of beans in this crazy world.
"Is a hill of beans an amount of beans or a number of them?" my wife asked. Obviously my wife had heard somebody in the family say I didn''t know beans.
"It''s number," I said. "Fewer beans, not less. Beans are like scruples."
"What happened to the fog?" she asked. "In the black-and-white version there''s lots of fog." It was true. In color, the fog in the final scene didn''t show up well. Without the fog, the line had lost some of its impact.
"There is fewer fog in color," she said testing me again.
"Less fog," I said, "not fewer. And fewer scruples. Not less scruples."
"Well, in color his scruples seem even less," she said.
Like the fog, the scruples did seem less, as well as fewer, in color. Color smoothes the edges. When it was over, we agreed that Casablanca in color, even with less fog, has no less appeal than it has in classic black and white, and no fewer moments to remember.
1.The overall organizational structure of this passage is ____.
A) summary B) cause and effect
C) time order D) comparison
2.The sentence "In color, the fog in the final scene didn''t show up well." tells the reader ____.
A) a fact B) an opinion
C) an assumption D) a belief
3.The writer of this passage is biased ____.
A) in favor of Ted Turner
B) in favor of old movies
C) in favor of the black-and-white version of Casablanca
D) in favor of the colorized version of Casablanca
4.The author''s tone in this passage may be described as ____.
A) playful B) ambivalent
C) arrogant D) mocking
5.The word "finale" in the last paragraph means ____.
A) climax B) end
C) beginning D) stop
语言注释
1.to cut to the heart of things 形容人看问题透彻，出语中的
2.pet peeve 主要用在口语中，指最让人气恼的东西
3.scruple n.顾忌
4.这是一篇很口语化的文章，以对话为主。
没有过于晦涩难懂的句子。阅读时应注意句子的前后衔接。从上下文中理解作者的意图，尤其要注意作者调侃的语气。
答案解析
1.C 文章从头到尾记述了作者与妻子边看电影边争论的过程。
2.B 此题应该很容易排除C和D。这个陈述句给出了作者对最后一场戏的评价，即表现的并不尽如人意。这种评价自然不是fact而是opinion 了。
3.B 此题应首先排除A，一个不相关的选项。对于C和D，作者已经在末段表明了态度。
4.A 作者很轻松的记录了自己与妻子的一次玩笑似的讨论。Ambivalent 是情绪矛盾的意思。
5.B 这个词很容易联想到final, 所以并不难猜。他往往指音乐上最后的乐章；终曲， 或指歌剧的终场，结尾。
（十）
Regardless of the source or kind of light, the ability of light to form an image is dependent upon just one thing-a small hole or a lens to bring the rays to a focus. The principle of image formation was discovered in early Greek Times. Later it was realized that the eye itself has a lens and that an image is, in fact, formed on the retina, the rear inside surface of the eyeball. Some man inside a cave or a darkened room noticed that light entering through a small hole in the wall formed an image on the far wall. It was observed that if you enlarge the hole, the image blurred and disappeared. On the other hand, the smaller the hole, the sharper the image-down to a certain diameter after which making the hole smaller makes the image worse again.
The function of a pinhole is to screen out all light rays except those coming in a perfectly straight line from the object, thus improving the sharpness of the image. After passing through a point the rays again spread out a little bit, and the size of the image formed will depend upon how far back the wall, screen, or film is from the pinhole.The full exploitation of this phenomenon had to wait for the development of the lens, which gathered in a much larger number of light rays and still brought them to form an image, just as the pinhole did, but with a difference: in a pinhole camera, the light rays form an image that is equally sharp regardless of the distance to the film. When a lens is used, there may be a choice of planes of focus determined by the adjusting the lens-to-film distance. Each plane is located some distance behind and relatively parallel to the lens.
Actual blown glass was developed early in Egyptian times, and the first lens may have been the bottom of a wine bottle. However, the first deliberate grinding of lenses did not take place until the thirteenth century, and the art did not become established until the sixteenth century. A book on the grinding and polishing of lenses was issued by B.Battista della Porta in 1589,but it was not until 1611 that Kepler compared a lens of glass to the lens in the eye and showed that rays from each point of an object were brought to a focus at each corresponding point of an image on the retina. Then, in 1619,Scheiner demonstrated the actual formation of an inverted image on the retina.
1.A good title for this selection would be____.
A) Modern Lenses
B) The Modern Camera
C) Lenses and Image Formation
D) Development in Photography
2.A camera lens is preferable to a pinhole because it can ____.
A) offer a choice of planes of focus
B) gather more light rays
C) control the size of the image formed on the film
D) gather more light rays and bring them to a focus at a given plane
3.The principle of inverted image formation ____.
A) was discovered by Battista della Porta in 1589
B) was not understood until the first lens had been manufactured
C) is independent of the presence or absence of a lens or pinhole
D) was demonstrated by a human Eye
4.The author compares the pinhole to a lens in order to show ____.
A) the development of the lens
B) that both operation on the same principle
C) how the early camera operated
D) how primitive scientific thinking was, prior to the 16th century
5.The word "corresponding" in the last paragraph means ____.
A) keeping in touch B) in harmony
C) small D) different
语言注释
1.retina n.视网膜
2.deliberate 文中是"故意的，存心的"意思 如a deliberate lie/insult 也可作动词，有"仔细考虑、商讨"的意思。
3.The full exploitation of this phenomenon had to wait for the development of the lens, which gathered in a much larger number of light rays and still brought them to form am image, just as the pinhole did, but with a difference：in a pinhole camera, the light rays form an image that is equally sharp regardless of the distance to the film.
读这句话时要注意到底两者哪里相同，哪里不同。Just as the pinhole did 是就它前面的分句而言，而but with a difference 是指冒号后面的部分。
参考译文：要充分利用这一现象是透镜得到发展后的事。透镜可以集结更多的光束，并且依然可以象小孔一样成相，但是有一点两者不同，在小孔摄影机里，无论胶片与小孔的距离远近，光线都可以相成同样清晰的影像。
4.A book on the grinding and polishing of lenses was issued by B.Battista della Porta in 1589, but it was not until 1611 that Kepler compared a lens of glass to the lens in the eye and showed that rays from each point of an object were brought to a focus at each corresponding point of an image on the retina.
此句but 后面的部分较复杂。这部分是个强调句，it is…that…强调了事情发生的时间。要注意not until的用法。参考译文：1589年B· 巴第思塔·德拉·波尔塔 出版了有关透镜的打磨与磨光的书籍，但是直到1611年，凯朴乐才比较了玻璃透镜与人眼的水晶体，并发现来自物体各点的光线都能在视网膜成像上找到对应的点。
答案解析
1.C 这是主题题，要找出陈述内容涵盖全文的选项。A和B是分支内容；D 是最有迷惑性的选项， 但它对本文太大了。
2.D 第三段第一句明确指出透镜能够聚集更多的光线并像孔一样成相。要注意just as the pinhole did 是指brought them to form am image 而非 gathered in a much larger number of light rays，否则容易理解错误。
3.D 第四段中作者用人眼的成像过程说明了倒像的形成原因。
4.B 这条原理在第一二三段中都在讨论。
5.B 从整个语境句的意思，推断出相应的含义。这个词来自correspond.常用作correspond with，意思是符合。也有与人通信的意思。 |
